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Opengl-es Buffer

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Framebuffer A  Framebuffer  is a collection of buffers that can be used as the destination for rendering. OpenGL has two kinds of framebuffers: the  Default Framebuffer , which is provided by the  OpenGL Context ; and user-created framebuffers called  Framebuffer Objects  (FBOs). The buffers for default framebuffers are part of the context and usually represent a window or display device. The buffers for FBOs reference images from either  Textures  or  Renderbuffers ; they are never directly visible. Default Framebuffer The Default Framebuffer is the Framebuffer that OpenGL is created with. It is created along with the OpenGL Context. Like Framebuffer Objects , the default framebuffer is a series of images. Unlike FBOs, one of these images usually represents what you actually see on some part of your screen. Framebuffer Object FBO contains a collection of rendering destinations; color, depth and stencil buffer. These logical buff...
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AVR Features and Registers

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AVR This study is based on tiny2313 so memory, I/O address may vary in other AVR chip. Memory Flash - Program Memory, an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. SRAM - Used by MCU for keeping stack , 0x0060 - 0x00DF EEPROM - used for data storage in this memory, this is accessible by MCU and user by the burner, the endurance of at least 100,000 write/erase cycles. Not directly accessible. Accessing Registers - EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM Data Register, and the EEPROM Control Register 32x8 General Purpose Register - fast registers which are directly connected with ALU. 0x0000 - 0x001F I/O Register - register for configuring I/O services and accessing data, 0x0020 - 0x005F Clock Source CKSEL3..0 SUT1..0  (the start-up times) The device is shipped with CKSEL = “0100”, SUT = “10”, and CKDIV8 programmed. The default clock source setting is the Internal RC Oscillator with longest start-up time and an initial system cloc...
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CPU Pipeline

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History of CPU Pipeline The original 8086 processor has 14 CPU registers which are still in use today. Four are general purpose registers -- AX, BX, CX, and DX. Four are segment registers that are used to help with pointers -- Code Segment (CS), Data Segment (DS), Extra Segment (ES), and Stack Segment (SS). Four are index registers that point to various memory locations -- Source Index (SI), Destination Index (DI), Base Pointer (BP), and Stack Pointer (SP). The instruction pointer’s job is to point to the next instruction to be run. First, they follow the instruction pointer and decode the next CPU instruction at that location. After decoding, there is an execute stage where the instruction is run. Some instructions read from memory or write to it, others perform calculations or comparisons or do other work. When the work is done, the instruction goes through a retire stage and the instruction pointer is modified to point to the next instruction.  In 1982 an instructi...
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